TVET is expected to contribute to youth employment facilitation by allowing jobseekers to build and strengthen hard and soft labor market skills. Additionally, it can assist in economic growth, as an appropriately educated workforce is a main determinant affecting corporate performance (19).

As vocational education takes only a few years (1-2) to complete, schools can graduate many students in a short span, which can lead to job market saturation with too many people of similar skillsets.

Gender inequality and/or marginalization risk: Vocational education subjects tend to be male-dominated technical subjects. Without preventive measures, increased TVET might further undermine women.

Although it is widely agreed that TVET improves school-to-work transition periods, the actual impact of TVET is difficult to quantify due to lack of data and evaluations (19).

If the TVET programs are not aligned with the skills needed in the labor market, the resulting impact especially on youth employability, may be limited.

TVET investments help decrease the unemployment rate while empowering youth, women and rural residents via private-sector-led TVET programs.

Strategic Plan for Reforming Higher Education and Scientific Research 2015–2025 has five main objectives: increase quality and employability; promote research and innovation; foster good governance; review university planning for regional balance; and develop teacher training.

With 14 projects overseen by a project management unit, an ambitious VET reform plan (2016–2020) was developed. It aimed to increase attractiveness, support trainer development, engage stakeholders, and improve data collection and analysis (22).

The 2014 TVET Strategic and Orientation Plan makes reference to the establishment of a new governance model based on communication between central and local authorities, as well as public and private providers of TVET (19).

In 1995, Tunisia created the Program for the Enhancement of Vocational Training and Employment to improve the TVET system. It aimed to match skills need by partnering with the commercial sector and realign TVET towards private sector demands by boosting PPP (19).

Tunisia has placed a premium on education since gaining independence in 1956. In 1959, the government implemented an education plan that viewed education as a national investment and a critical factor in determining the nation's economic growth (23)

Financial incentives: The 2016 Investment Law stipulates that firms may get a refund of up to 70% (capped at 20,000 TND (USD 7,000) for training Tunisian employees in specific skills that meet international standards (19)

Fiscal incentives: Government cofinances trainer wages for Tunisians, for a maximum of 10 years and pays social security payments (19). Education investments are subject to 10% CIT. There is a tax credit system, saving firms 60% of their training costs. Customs duty is waived for equipment import.

Other incentives: Imported equipment is exempt from customs charges and taxes. VAT and consumption taxes are waived on imported and locally purchased equipment. Registration fees paid on the transfer of agricultural land may be reimbursed upon request within a three-year period.

Tunisia Law No. 93-10 of February 17, 1993 on the orientation law of vocational training provided the framework for a national vocational education system (19).

A competency-based approach in TVET was introduced in 2008 by Law No. 2008-10 of February 11, 2008. According to the legislation, each TVET center shall include a public-private advisory group comprised of members from the business sector and UTICA (19).

The 2016 Investment Law provides for a reimbursement of up to 70% (maximum at TND 20,000) for training Tunisian personnel in particular international-standard skills (19).

According to the 2016 Investment Law, a list of sectors requiring government approval was set. Education is included in this "negative list". An investment request is automatically approved if the decision-making authority does not react within a defined period, usually 60 days.

Tunisia adopted a new constitution on 26 January 2014, including articles 38 and 46 guaranteeing the right to education. This is a significant step forward, as the 1959 Constitution did not include a guarantee of the right to education

Tunisia Umbrella Organization of Citizens Enterprises (CONECT), Maghreb Institute of Economic Sciences and Technology (IMSET), Promesse Formation, Professional Training Institute (IFT), AFCA Informatika, Natech Training, COFISEC Formation

MJSIP, MFPE, Tunisian Agency for Vocational Training (ATFP), National Observatory of Employment and Skills (ONEQ), Nat. Center for Trainer Training (CENAFFIF), Nat.l Center of Continual Training and Professional Promotion (CNFCPP), Nat. Agency for Employment and Self-Employment (ANETI)

ILO, UNESCO, African Union, USAID Tunisia, French Development Agency (AFD), European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), World Bank, OECD, German Development Agency (GIZ), Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC),

Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT), Tunisian Union of Industry, Commerce and Handicrafts (UTICA), Education for Employment Tunisia (EFE-Tunisie), Tunisian Association for Education and Development, European Training Foundation (ETF)

Support Program for Training and Professional Integration (PAFIP)